Examples of air freight containers — unit load device ULD. The next step is to pack your cargo and book your freight. Ensure that when you do this, you:.
If you are importing into Australia, your supplier will need to prepare the following documents:. Once your flight is booked, an airway bill will be produced to outline the service and contract of carriage.
The goods will then travel on designated services and can usually be tracked online through your freight forwarder. Following this, when the cargo lands, your goods will be moved to a CTO or cargo terminal operator. CTOs have obligations under customs legislation to ensure the security of the cargo terminal and goods subject to customs control. The CTO will segregate the cargo ready for collection. On arrival, the cargo will then be moved to a Customs Bond facility for deconsolidation.
Deconsolidation means that the aircraft cargo will be taken apart and each consignment will be separated according to final destination. At the bonded facility, customs are informed that the cargo has arrived by issuing an outturn report , which outlines the details of air cargo that has arrived in Australia and has been discharged from an aircraft. Each consignment received must be outturned. Direct shipments are generally used when freight and service needs are immediate.
Freight will not be consolidated with other cargo. The goods can then be collected directly from the CTO and do not require deconsolidation. For example, it small shipments are cheaper by air than by sea. Air cargo can be done on specific cargo aircrafts or by taking advantage of passenger routes. Obviously in airplanes with passage there are more limitations, especially height restrictions and with dangerous goods.
In a passenger aircraft, the cargo is much more limited since there is less space available for it. However, there are plenty of options, since there are more passenger lines than air cargo routes.
Besides, cargo aircraft can handle loads up to 3m height. There is special aircraft, such as the — still unique in the world — Antonov An where weights and measures of its shipments can vary.
In fact, this airplane once handled over ,kg of cargo! Although the price is higher, for these types of goods it makes sense to pay more. Air cargo is not always more expensive; in smaller cargo shipments, it can be cheaper than groupage or maritime cargo. Obviously, land cargo options are cheaper, but in small transoceanic loads air cargo is the most economic option.
These strategies are particularly important for landlocked countries that have unreliable land transportation or long and uncertain clearance procedures at their borders or foreign gateways. Finally, where exports require cold chains, air freight can present the only means for guaranteeing continuity. Shipping samples Air freight is critical in the shipment of product patterns, designs, and technical drawings.
While this is not a major source of air cargo, it is critical for manufacturers who export manufactured products. More important is satisfying the need to exchange samples with potential buyers. Samples may also be provided for testing or for promotion campaigns. Since the advantage of air freight is much shorter transit times, cargo must move quickly through an airport.
The time for cargo operations depends on four factors: customs clearance procedures, cargo inspection procedures, the efficiency of cargo handlers, and the layout of storage facilities. Customs clearing For imports the customs procedures are critical. The clearance requires both the airway master bill, sent at the time the flight departs, and the customs declaration, filed by the brokers after the cargo had been shipped. In some countries the customs authority at the airport uses the same procedures and systems as at other international gateways, and inbound cargo can take up to a day to be cleared.
Inspection equipment For exports the documents are filed at the time cargo arrives at the airport, and the inspection is done at the same time so that cargo can be loaded within a few hours of arrival.
Before X-ray scanners, a hour cooling period was typically added to the transit time, but this has been eliminated. Most of the scanners are for baggage and small packages, so the cargo must be unloaded from the truck in loose form and scanned before being built into palettes. At larger airports with significant cargo traffic, full palette scanners allow shippers to build their palettes off-airport and to load them on the aircraft within a few hours.
Cargo handling Cargo handlers at the airport should ensure efficient and secure handling of the cargo allowing airlines to compete with each other. Where the cargo volumes are fairly small, an exclusive contract is used, and the contractor must provide appropriate equipment for unloading the different types of aircraft.
In many developing countries the national carrier enjoys a monopoly, which presents a problem if the carrier is an inefficient state owned enterprise. In some other airports a private contractor maintains a monopoly, but performance is often regulated through productivity incentives. Since the possibility for discriminatory behavior remains, competition must be introduced as soon as there is enough cargo, or carriers should be allowed to handle their own cargo. Warehousing Many storage facilities at smaller and older airports are fairly basic.
This has little impact on cargo storage since most cargo does not stay at airports. Generally exports are time-sensitive, and the imports are high-value, fast-moving goods. Modern warehouses have loading docks to speed truck turnarounds and minimize vertical movements of cargo. Export facilities for exports have large areas for scanning, inspection, building palettes, and gathering the cargo for specific flights. Separate facilities for imports have offices and inspection areas to facilitate customs clearance procedures and to allow for segregation of cargo into truckloads.
For perishable cargo, these warehouses have temperature-controlled rooms for maintaining the cold chain between the truck and the aircraft.
These warehouses also provide some bonded storage for high-value cargo. Where there is enough traffic and space, airlines or larger forwarders will invest in such facilities. Where there is a lack of space or each airline handles a small amount of freight, the airport has to invest in a multiuser facility.
In both cases, the airport must finance the construction of the complementary taxiways and the aircraft parking area. Where these four elements, customs procedures, inspection equipment, cargo handling services, and warehousing are integrated into an efficient operation, most cargo will pass through the airport within a few hours.
This minimizes dwell time and substantially reduces the space required to handle a specific volume. As a result of the recent spike in oil price, fuel now accounts for about half the annual cost of operating an aircraft, whether for cargo and passengers.
Because fuel consumption is roughly proportional to the aircraft weight and the distance flown, the marginal cost for carrying cargo is computed based on weight and destination.
Because the rate is usually set based on marginal cost and then adjusted for the level of service. For charter services the rates are usually higher, reflecting the incremental distance flown, including the empty legs, and the balance between demand and available capacity.
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